Black tie,
known in the
United Kingdom
(and also in the north-eastern
United States,
and
Canada)
as a dinner jacket and in the United
States generally as a tuxedo, is
a dress code for formal evening events that
are not formal enough to require
white tie.
Black tie is today worn at a wide variety
of functions, and the corresponding female
attire can range from a short
cocktail dress
to a long
gown, depending
on fashion, local custom and the hour at
which the function takes place.
History
The American name tuxedo is taken from Tuxedo
Park, New York, a private club of country houses founded
by Pierre Lorillard, the tobacco heir. (The town of Tuxedo
and Tuxedo Park themselves were named by the Lenni-Lenape
Indians, who called the largest lake in the area tucseto,
meaning either place of the bear or
clear flowing
water.)
Traditionally, the first Autumn Ball, held at the Tuxedo
Club in October 1886, marked the official first American
appearance of the English dinner jacket, which was favored
by the fast sporting crowd round the Prince of Wales, who
liked to wear a "Cowes" jacket, somewhat like
a formal mess jacket, first at dinner aboard his yacht during
the regattas held at
Cowes, and then later at other evening entertainments,
though never in London. The original single- breasted model
was simply a tailcoat without a tail, worn with a white
piqu vest as would be worn with a tailcoat, then later with a
black vest ensuite with the jacket and trousers.
At the 1886 Tuxedo Park Autumn Ball, Pierre Lorillard's
young son Griswold Lorillard and his friends startled guests,
all in white tie and tailcoats, by wearing the new English
dinner jackets, with scarlet evening vests. The tailless
coats were similar in cut to hunting pinks worn in daytime
at foxhunting meets. When after 1889, gentlemen in "tuxedos"
were even admitted to the Dress Circle at the new Metropolitan
Opera, the success of the new fashion was made.
A Tuxedo Park insider recalls a different
story of the Tuxedo Park introduction of
black tie, told him in the 1920s by Grenville
Kane, the last founding member of the Tuxedo
Club. Kane remembered that it had been James
Brown Potter who, after staying with the
Prince of Wales at Sandringham in the summer
of 1886, brought back the new fashion to
Tuxedo and introduced it to the members
of the club
The American upper classes
now generally prefer the terms "black
tie" or "dinner jacket" to "tuxedo",
which is considered slightly vulgar.
Early evening clothes were uniformly
black. The Duke of Windsor, when Prince
of Wales, introduced midnight blue as an
appropriate color, and even made the double-breasted
dinner jacket acceptable.
The waist sash called
cummerbund
(or cumberbund) was borrowed after
World War I, from military dress in British
India.
What it is
In the days when evening dress was worn
every evening, black tie developed as a
form of evening dress of which the components
did not require costly frequent
laundering and
starching, unlike white tie.
Black tie leaves a lot to the wearer's
discretion compared to the far more codified
white tie (e.g. single- versus double-breasted
coat). Nonetheless, so far as a convention
exists, it is that black tie properly consists
of:
Black short
coat
with
silk
(ribbed or satin) lapels (peaked or
shawl-collared), usually without vents.
As an alternate to the above, a
white dinner jacket, suitable for warm
climates, or from mid-April through
Labor Day (United
States and
Canada)
Black
trousers
with a row of braid or ribbon down each
leg
colored bow ties, waistcoats and cummerbunds
are widespread at parties, but not appropriate
at more formal occasions. On the other hand,
wearing a white bow tie with a dinner jacket
is considered a grave solecism (though the
first dinner jackets were worn with white
ties). colored or patterned dinner jackets
are sometimes seen but are not appropriate
at formal occasions. In the United States,
the wearing of a collarless shirt without
a bow tie, closed with a stud or banded,
has become fashionable, but would again
not be seen e.g. a state dinner.
Cufflinks
and
shirts studs can be black, white, silver,
or gold, and a white handkerchief and flower
may be worn. In recent years it has become
acceptable to wear state decorations with
black tie at state events. In such cases
only one neck ribbon and one breast star
are worn, with miniature medals.
In the
United Kingdom,
it is felt in some circles that wing collars
are properly the preserve of white tie,
and that a shirt with a soft turn-down collar
should be worn with black tie. However,
in its earliest form black tie was always
worn with a stiff white shirt and stiff
wing collar. White waistcoats, such as those
worn with white tie, remain an acceptable
alternative to black.
Black tie, having originated as an informal
dress code for e.g. dining at home, has
no single accepted form of headgear. Generally
a soft black felt hat such as a
homburg may be worn together with an
overcoat.
Corresponding forms of dress
Mess dress
In the armed forces, officers normally
wear
mess uniforms
which correspond to evening dress or black
tie. These vary according to the regiment
or corps, but usually involve a short Eton
style jacket that comes to the waist. Some
forms include white shirts and black bow
ties, while others have high mandarin collars
that fasten around the neck. They are usually
brightly colored and ornamented with gold
lace and buttons, corresponding to the regiment
or corps.
In the
Royal Navy there is a distinction between "mess
dress", which is worn at white tie
events, and "mess undress", which
is worn at black tie events. Both are worn
with a black bow tie, however mess dress
is worn with a white waistcoat instead of
the usual blue.
Scottish dress
Scottish dress is often worn at black
tie events, especially at Scottish reels
and
ceilidhs. While there is a more formal
version which may be worn when the dress
code is white tie, the black tie version
is much more common, even at white tie events.
The traditional black tie version of
Highland dress consists of:
Other colors for both the Prince Charlie
jacket, and the hose are seen.
The Lowland
version of black tie is a variation on normal
black tie, with
trews worn with a normal dinner jacket
or Prince Charlie jacket. Trews are also
often worn during the summer and in a warm
clime.
When it is worn
In the
United Kingdom
black tie is only properly worn in the evening,
i.e. after 6 p.m.. However, in some other
places such as the
United States,
it has become common to wear black tie at
four o'clock weddings and evening weddings.
At Harvard in the 1960s, young men in dinner
jackets seen during the late afternoon hastening
towards an event would be hailed by ironic
cries of "Check, please!"
Black tie is worn at many private and
public dinners, dances, and parties, and
it would be impossible to draw up a comprehensive
list. At the most formal end it has taken
over from
white tie
at many occasions where the latter would
formerly have been worn, e.g. by
orchestra conductors. In the United
States, it commonly appears at proms and
is worn by men at weddings even during
the day.
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